The cervical transcriptome changes during the menstrual cycle but does not predict the window of implantation

Introduction The expression of genes in female reproductive organs is influenced by the cyclic changes hormone levels during menstrual cycle. While molecular endometrium that facilitate embryo implantation have been extensively studied, there limited knowledge about impact cycle on cervical cells. Cervical cells can be easily and routinely collected using a cytobrush gynecological examination, offering standardized approach for diagnostic testing. In this study we investigated how transcriptome assessed utility these to determine endometrial receptivity. Methods Endocervical were with cytobrushes from 16 healthy women at different phases natural cycles four undergoing hormonal replacement cycles. RNA sequencing was applied gain insight into Results Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed (DEGs) between early- mid-secretory samples, suggesting does not change significantly opening window. most differences appeared transition late secretory phase (2136 DEGs) before onset menstruation. showed 1899 DEGs enriched immune system processes. Conclusions results our suggested undergo moderate transcriptomic throughout cycle; however, do reflect gene pattern tissue offer little or no potential receptivity diagnostics.